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25th G8 summit
The 25th G8 Summit was held in Cologne, Germany, on June 18–20, 1999. The venue for this summit meeting was the Museum Ludwig in the central city.〔Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA): ( Summit Meetings in the Past. )〕
==Overview==
The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada starting in 1976. The G8, meeting for the first time in 1997, was formed with the addition of Russia.〔Saunders, Doug. ( "Weight of the world too heavy for G8 shoulders," ) ''Globe and Mail'' (Toronto). July 5, 2008.〕 In addition, the President of the European Commission has been formally included in summits since 1981.〔Reuters: ( "Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?" ), July 3, 2008.〕 The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the initial summit of the Group of Six (G6) in 1975.〔Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). (''Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations,'' p. 205. )〕
The G8 summits since the late 1990s have inspired widespread debates, protests and demonstrations; and the two- or three-day event becomes more than the sum of its parts, elevating the participants, the issues and the venue as focal points for activist pressure.〔("Influencing Policy on International Development: G8," ) BOND (British Overseas NGOs for Development). 2008.〕
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